Rabies

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Virus name (common and scientific)--Hadley Picture of the symptoms--Hadley SEM picture of the virus--Sierra Diagram of the virus (including such parts as capsid, envelope, shape, genome, sheath, and tail fiber)-- Sara Mode of infection/transmission--Sara Replication method (lysogenic vs lytic cycle)--Sierra List of symptoms--Eliana List of treatments--Chatham Vaccine--Hadley Sources

//Rabies-Lyssavirus:// rabies
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Rabies Symptoms in Dogs



Rabies Symptoms in Humans

Structure/Diagram of Rabies Virus:
("Rabies cdc," 2010)



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("Cdc rabies," 2010)

Transmission:
Rabies is present in the saliva of an infected host, it is most commonly transmitted from one mammal to another through a bite, but sometimes can transmit when the saliva of the infected individual makes contact with the eyes, nose, mouth or wound of another individual. Human rabies is almost never contracted from another human, the only recorded event of this happening is from corneal and organ transplants. There are rare cases of transmission from aerosolized versions of rabies in labs. The continuation of the rabies genome is affected by multiple “reservoir” species that transmit easily and have their own unique strains. Touching a rabid animal or coming in contact with it’s blood, urine or feces is not a mode of transmission. ("Rabies," )

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The rabies virus does not use the lysogenic or lytic cycle. Instead, it uses a different method. First, the rabies virus envelope fuses with the host cell's membrane. This process is called adsorption. Next, the virus penetrates the cell and enters into the cytoplasm. The viral membranes then fuse to the endosomal membranes. This releases viral RNP into the cytoplasm. This process is called uncoating. Then, a polymerase transcribes the rabies' RNA and then it is translated into proteins. The virus starts replicating when RNA transcription consistently occurs (stop codons are ignored). Next, the polymerase go to the end of the genome, and synthesize full copies of the genome. Proteins assist in coiling. Then, the the finished viruses bud from the salivary glands.======

**Symptoms:**
 * What are some commons symptoms of rabies found in animals?**
 * Wild animals that normally keep away from humans are not scared of humans
 * Shyness in a pet that is usually friendly
 * Mood swings
 * Overly excited behavior or restlessness
 * Drooling more than usual
 * Animals that are normally nocturnal can become active during the day and visa versa
 * Eating things that are not typically eaten by that animal such as clay or dirt (this is known as pica)
 * Paralysis

The symptoms of rabies may not appear in both humans and in animals until several days, or even months after the incident in which the disease was contracted. Symptoms get continually worse, beginning with anxiety and cold symptoms. Once symptoms begin to show themselves the disease is almost always fatal.
 * What are some common symptoms of rabies found in humans?**
 * Coughs
 * Fevers
 * Other old symptoms
 * Itchiness
 * Pain, burning, or numbness in various parts of the body
 * Anxiety
 * Hallucinations
 * Delirium
 * Fear of water-hydrophobia or fear of air-aerophobia
 * Paralysis
 * Headaches
 * Confusion
 * Insomnia
 * Difficulty swallowing
 * Problems with blood pressure
 * Problems with pulse
 * Stomach pain
 * Muscle spasms
 * Seizures
 * Coma
 * Heart or respiratory failure
 * Hyperventilation

List of Treatments:
= Humans =

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Once symptoms of rabies appear, there is no treatment. At this point the only steps that can be taken are to make the person comfortable until death. However, there are treatment plans for those who take measures early enough.The best way to reduce the chance of rabies is to wash the wounds carefully with soap and water. It is also possible to watch the animal responsible for the biting to see if they have rabies. If the animal is clear for 10 days then there is no need for the treatment. If the animal can not be caught and observed then it is best to get the treatment after seeing your doctor. ("Mayo clinic," 2011) (Arthur Schoenstadt, MD, 2006) ======

Post-exposure rabies treatment in the United States includes 5 doses of the rabies vaccine and 1 dose of rabies immune globulin with 14 days. These doses of the rabies vaccine usually occur on day 0, 3, 7, 14, and 28. These doses of vaccines stimulate a immune system response before the virus reaches the brain and reproduces quickly. It is delivered into the shoulder muscle for adults and older children or the thigh muscle for young children. The dose of rabies immune globulin are from blood donors who had received the rabies vaccine in order to fight the virus until the person's own immune system can provide the antibodies. (Arthur Schoenstadt, MD, 2006) (Harrigan, 2011)

For those who work with animals or the rabies virus frequently, a pre-exposure treatment is available. It includes three doses of the rabies vaccine at day 0, 7, and 21 or 28. (Arthur Schoenstadt, MD, 2006)

There have been no cases of death in the United States from rabies where the post-exposure treatment was followed prior to symptoms. However, the treatment is unhelpful to those who are already showing symptoms and death is likely within a week or two. (Arthur Schoenstadt, MD, 2006)

Animals There is no treatment for animals just as there is no treatment for humans. Once symptoms have occurred in the animal it needs to be euthanized in order to prevent further suffering and spreading to humans. Rabies is almost always fatal. There are only a few cases where the animal survived after contracting rabies. (Stregowski, 2012)

The best way to prevent your animals from contracting rabies is to get them vaccinated at a vet. There are options for both 1 year and three year vaccinations as well as options for large animals. Besides vaccination, it is good to limit time where your animal could interact with rabies or wild animals that may have it. Your animals should not leave your sight especially in wooden environments. Interactions with unknown animals should also be limited. (Stregowski, 2012


 * Rabies Vaccine **

Currently, pre-exposure immunization has been used on domesticated animals and non-human populations. In many cases, domestic dogs, cats, ferrets, and rabbits are required to be vaccinated. Vaccines usually last about three years and are given to animals by their veterinarian.

When the rabies vaccine is given to humans it is given in the deltoid muscle as a series of 3–5 painful shots. Imrab is an example of a rabies vaccine containing the Pasteur strain of killed rabies virus. The following people are recommended for the rabies vaccine: veterinarians and their staff, animal handlers, rabies researchers, and certain laboratory workers and International travelers who frequently are around animals where rabies is common.

The federal Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention formulate the recommendations for this vaccine.

= Citations =

(2010). //Cdc rabies//. (2010). [Web Graphic]. Retrieved from http://homepage.usask.ca/~vim458/virology/studpages2007/Ann_Leighton/xsect.gif

(2010). //Rabies cdc//. (2010). [Web Graphic]. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/rabies/images/bullet.gif

Arthur Schoenstadt, MD, A. (2006). //emedtv//. Retrieved from http://rabies.emedtv.com/rabies/rabies-treatment-p2.html

CDC. (2011, 04 22). //Centers for disease control and prevention//. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/rabies/transmission/virus.html

Harrigan, M. (2011). //Emedicinehealth//. Retrieved from http://www.emedicinehealth.com/rabies/page8_em.htm

Healthwise. (n.d.). //Webmd//. Retrieved from http://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/rabies-symptoms
//Mayo clinic//. (2011, January 28). Retrieved from http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/rabies/DS00484/DSECTION=treatments-and-drugs

//Rabies//. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/rabies/transmission/exposure.html

Stanford University. (2011). //Rabies virus//. [0]. Retrieved from http://www.stanford.edu/group/virus/rhabdo/2004bischoffchang/Rabies Profile.htm

Stregowski, J. (2012). //Rabies and your dog//. Retrieved from http://dogs.about.com/od/caninediseases/p/rabies.htm

http://www.ehow.com/facts_5526388_scientific-name-rabies.html

http://img.ehowcdn.com/article-page-main/ehow/images/a04/ib/oe/early-symptoms-rabies-humans-800x800.jpg

http://www.daff.gov.au/__data/assets/image/0004/114439/rabies2.jpg

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/meds/a607023.html